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who draws the boundaries of congressional districts

Written By Sunday, February 13, 2022 Add Comment Edit

The 2020 U.s. redistricting cycle is in progress following the completion of the 2022 The states census. In all fifty states, diverse bodies will re-draw state legislative districts. States that are apportioned more than one seat in the Us House of Representatives will as well draw new districts for that legislative body.

The rules for redistricting vary from state to land, but all states draw new legislative and congressional maps either in the state legislature, in redistricting commissions, or through some combination of the country legislature and a redistricting commission. Though various laws and court decisions accept put constraints on redistricting, many redistricting institutions keep to practise gerrymandering, which involves cartoon new districts with the intention of giving a political advantage to specific groups.[ane] Political parties prepare for redistricting years in accelerate, and partisan control of redistricting institutions tin provide a party with major advantages.[2] Aside from the possibility of mid-decade redistricting,[3] the districts drawn in the 2022 redistricting cycle will remain in effect until the next round of redistricting following the 2030 U.s. census.

United states House of Representatives [edit]

Reapportionment [edit]

State Seats[4] [5]
Current New
California 53 52
Texas 36 38
Florida 27 28
New York 27 26
Pennsylvania 18 17
Illinois eighteen 17
Ohio 16 15
Georgia 14 14
Due north Carolina xiii fourteen
Michigan xiv 13
New Jersey 12 12
Virginia xi eleven
Washington 10 10
Arizona 9 9
Massachusetts 9 nine
Tennessee 9 9
Indiana nine nine
Maryland 8 8
Missouri 8 viii
Wisconsin eight 8
Colorado vii 8
Minnesota eight viii
Southward Carolina seven seven
Alabama 7 7
Louisiana 6 6
Kentucky 6 vi
Oregon five 6
Oklahoma 5 5
Connecticut five 5
Utah 4 4
Iowa 4 4
Nevada four 4
Arkansas 4 four
Mississippi 4 4
Kansas iv iv
New Mexico 3 3
Nebraska 3 3
Idaho ii 2
West Virginia 3 2
Hawaii ii ii
New Hampshire 2 ii
Maine 2 2
Rhode Island 2 2
Montana ane 2
Delaware 1 1
Due south Dakota one one
North Dakota one 1
Alaska 1 one
Vermont i 1
Wyoming 1 i

Article Ane of the United States Constitution establishes the United states House of Representatives and apportions Representatives to u.s. based on population, with reapportionment occurring every ten years. The decennial Usa census determines the population of each country. Each of the fifty states is guaranteed at least ane representative, and the Huntington–Hill method is used to assign the remaining 385 seats to states based on the population of each state. Congress has provided for reapportionment every x years since the enactment of the Reapportionment Deed of 1929. Since 1913, the U.S. House of Representatives has consisted of 435 members, a number gear up by statute, though the number of Representatives temporarily increased in 1959. Reapportionment also affects presidential elections, as each state is guaranteed electoral votes equivalent to the number of Representatives and Senators representing the state.

Prior to the 2022 U.S. House elections, each state apportioned more than one Representative will draw new congressional districts based on the reapportionment post-obit the 2022 census. Based on the official counts of the 2022 demography, California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia will each lose i seat, while Colorado, Florida, Montana, Due north Carolina, and Oregon will each gain i seat, and Texas will gain ii seats. Though California lost a seat for the first time in its history, the 2022 census continued a broader tendency of Northeastern and Midwestern states losing seats and Western and Southern states gaining seats.[vi]

Congressional redistricting methods [edit]

Congressional redistricting methods by state after the 2022 census:

 Independent committee

 Politician committee

 Passed by legislature with gubernatorial approval

[a]

 Passed by legislature, governor plays no office

 Passed by legislature, simple majority veto override

 Not applicable due to having one at-large district

* The Ohio Constitution requires that redistricting votes in the Ohio Legislature exist bipartisan, with a minimum number of votes required from both parties for a redistricting act to pass

Each U.Due south. Representative represents ane congressional district, which encompasses all or part of a single land. Every land with more than one congressional commune must pass a new redistricting plan before the filing deadlines of the 2022 elections.[ten] In nigh states, the state legislature draws the new districts, simply some states take established redistricting commissions.[11] Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, and Washington use independent commissions to draw House districts, while Hawaii and New Jersey use "politician commissions" to draw House districts.[eleven] Alaska, Delaware, N Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wyoming will proceed to take only one representative in the House, and then will not have to draw new House districts.

In all other states, the legislature draws district lines, although some states have advisory commissions that tin play a major role in drawing lines, and other states have fill-in commissions if the state legislature is unable to draw the lines itself.[11] In many states, districts are fatigued with the intent to do good sure political groups, including i of the two major political parties, in a do known as gerrymandering. Most states draw new lines by passing a constabulary the same way any other law is passed, merely some states have special procedures.[11] Connecticut and Maine crave a ii-thirds super-majority in each firm of the country legislature for redistricting plans, while district lines are non discipline to gubernatorial veto in Connecticut and North Carolina.[11] The Ohio redistricting process is designed to encourage the legislature to pass a map with bipartisan support, but the majority party tin pass maps that last for iv years (every bit opposed to the normal x years) without the back up of the minority political party.[12] The legislatures of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Westward Virginia can override gubernatorial vetoes with a elementary majority vote,[13] giving governors in those states fiddling leverage in the drawing of new commune maps.

Limits on congressional redistricting [edit]

Though u.s. have wide breadth in the re-cartoon of congressional districts, state power over redistricting is subject field to limits set by the U.S. Constitution, rulings of the federal judiciary and statutes passed by Congress. In the case of Wesberry v. Sanders, the Supreme Court of the United States established that states must describe districts that are equal in population "as nearly as is practicable." Subsequent courtroom cases have required states to redistrict every ten years, although states can redistrict more oft than that depending on their own statutes and constitutional provisions.[14] Since the passage of the 1967 Uniform Congressional Districts Human action, most states have been barred from using multi-member districts; all states currently use unmarried-member districts.[15] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 establishes protections against racial redistricting plans that would deny minority voters an equal opportunity to elect representatives of their selection. The Supreme Court case of Thornburg v. Gingles established a test to determine whether redistricting lines violate the Voting Rights Act. In some states, courts take required the creation of majority-minority districts.[16]

In add-on to standards required by federal law, many states have as well adopted other criteria, including compactness, contiguity, and the preservation of political subdivisions (such as cities or counties) or communities of interest.[17] Some states, including Arizona, Colorado, New York and Washington require the drawing of competitive districts.[17]

Control of congressional redistricting [edit]

Partisan control of congressional redistricting after the 2022 elections, with the number of U.S. House seats each state will receive.

 Democratic control

 Republican control

 Carve up or bipartisan control

 Independent redistricting commission

 No redistricting necessary

Congressional redistricting plans passed by legislature [edit]

The tabular array shows the partisan control of states in which congressional redistricting is enacted through either a bill or a joint resolution passed past the legislature. States in which the governor can technically veto the bill, simply that veto tin can be overridden by a simple bulk of the state legislature, are marked as "simple maj. override".

Partisan command of congressional redistricting[18] [19]
State Partisan control
Country Seats[20] Overall Governor Senate House
Alabama seven Republican Unproblematic maj. override Republican Republican
Arkansas iv Republican Republican Republican Republican
Connecticut 5 Split up*‡ No veto Democratic Autonomous
Florida 28 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Georgia 14 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Illinois 17 Democratic Autonomous Democratic Autonomous
Indiana 9 Republican‡ Elementary maj. override Republican Republican
Iowa iv Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Kansas four Republican Democratic↑ Republican Republican
Kentucky 6 Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Louisiana 6 Dissever Democratic Republican Republican
Maine 2 Split*† Democratic Democratic Autonomous
Maryland 8 Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Massachusetts 9 Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Autonomous
Minnesota 8 Carve up Autonomous Republican Autonomous
Mississippi 4 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Missouri 8 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Nebraska 3 Nonpartisan Republican Nonpartisan
Nevada 4 Democratic Democratic Democratic Autonomous
New Hampshire 2 Republican Republican Republican Republican
New United mexican states 3 Autonomous Democratic Democratic Democratic
New York 26 Democratic* Democratic Democratic Democratic
North Carolina xiv Republican No veto Republican Republican
Ohio 15 Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Oklahoma 5 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Oregon 6 Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Pennsylvania 17 Split Democratic Republican Republican
Rhode Isle two Autonomous† Democratic Democratic Democratic
South Carolina vii Republican Republican Republican Republican
Tennessee 9 Republican Uncomplicated maj. override Republican Republican
Texas 38 Republican Republican Republican Republican
Utah iv Republican† Republican Republican Republican
W Virginia ii Republican Elementary maj. override Republican Republican
Wisconsin 8 Split Democratic Republican Republican
Country Seats Command Governor Senate Firm

An * indicates that a two/3 super-majority vote is required in the legislature
A ↑ indicates that one political party can override a gubernatorial veto because of a super-majority in the legislature
A † indicates that the land employs an informational commission
A ‡ indicates that the land employs a backup commission

Congressional redistricting plans passed by commissions [edit]

States with redistricting commissions
State Seats[xx] Type
Arizona ix Contained commission
California 52 Independent commission
Colorado 8 Independent commission
Idaho 2 Contained commission
Hawaii ii Politician commission
Michigan 13 Independent committee
Montana 2 Independent commission
New Jersey 12 Pol committee
Virginia 11 Hybrid commission
Washington x Independent commission

Half dozen states with multiple members of the Business firm of Representatives use contained commissions to draw congressional districts. In Arizona, Montana, and Washington, the four political party leaders of the country house and country senate each select one member of the Independent Redistricting Commission, and these four members select a fifth fellow member who is not affiliated with either party. In California, the Citizen's Redistricting Commission consists of five Democrats, 5 Republicans, and four individuals who are not members of either party. In Idaho, the four party leaders of the state business firm and state senate and the chairmen of the ii most pop land parties (based on the results of the virtually recent gubernatorial vote) each select a member of the Committee for Reapportionment.[21]

Two states utilise politician commissions to draw congressional districts. In Hawaii, the president of the state senate and the speaker of the state house each select two members of the Reapportionment Commission, while the minority parties in both chambers each appoint two members of the committee. The eight members of the commission and then select a ninth member, who also chairs the committee. In New Jersey, the four political party leaders of the state firm and state senate and the political party leaders of the two largest parties each choose ii members of the Apportionment Commission, and the twelve members of the commission select a thirteenth member to chair the commission.[21]

I state, Virginia, uses a hybrid, bipartisan commission consisting of eight legislators and eight non-legislator citizens. The commission is evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans.[22]

State legislatures [edit]

Legislative redistricting methods [edit]

Land legislative redistricting methods by country:

 Contained committee

 Political leader commission

 Passed by the legislature with gubernatorial approval [a]

 Passed past legislature with no gubernatorial veto

 Passed by legislature, simple majority veto override

Each country draws new legislative district boundaries every ten years. Every land except Nebraska has a bicameral legislative branch. Nebraska is also unique in that it has the only legislative body that is officially non-partisan. Most states must pass redistricting plans past the fourth dimension of the filing deadlines for the 2022 elections. The exceptions are Virginia and New Jersey, which must pass new plans in 2022, Louisiana and Mississippi which have a 2023 deadline, and Montana, which has a 2024 deadline.[ten]

Fifteen states use independent or pol commissions to draw country legislative districts. In the other states, the legislature is ultimately charged with drawing new lines, although some states have advisory or redundancy commissions. Connecticut, Illinois, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas have fill-in commissions that draw commune lines if the legislature is unable to agree on new districts. Iowa, Maine, New York, Rhode Isle, and Vermont employ advisory commissions. In Oregon, the Secretary of State will depict the legislative districts if legislature fails to practise and so. In Connecticut and Maine, a two/3 super-bulk vote in each house is required to create new districts, while in Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Carolina, the governor cannot veto redistricting plans.[23] The legislatures of Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Westward Virginia can override gubernatorial vetoes with a simple majority vote,[13] giving governors in those states fiddling leverage in the drawing of new district maps.

Limits on state legislative redistricting [edit]

The states have wide latitude in re-drawing legislative districts, only the U.S. Supreme Courtroom example of Reynolds v. Sims established that states must draw districts that are "essentially equal" in population to one another. Federal courtroom cases take established that departure between the largest and smallest districts generally cannot be greater than x percent, and some states have laws requiring less difference. Court cases have also required states to redistrict every x years, although states can redistrict more often than that depending on their ain statutes and constitutional provisions.[14] States are costless to employ multi-member districts, and different districts can elect different numbers of legislators.[24] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 establishes protections against racial redistricting plans that would deny minority voters an equal opportunity to elect representatives of their choice. The Supreme Court instance of Thornburg v. Gingles established a test to determine whether redistricting lines violate the Voting Rights Act.[16]

Many states have also adopted other criteria, including compactness, contiguity, and the preservation of political subdivisions (such as cities or counties) or communities of interest.[17] Some states, including Arizona, require the drawing of competitive districts,[17] while other states crave the nesting of state house districts within state senate districts.[25]

Control of legislative redistricting [edit]

Partisan control of land legislative redistricting after the 2022 elections.

 Autonomous control

 Republican command

 Carve up or bipartisan command

 Contained redistricting committee

State legislative redistricting plans passed by legislature [edit]

The table shows the partisan control of states in which state legislative redistricting is enacted via a nib passed past the legislature. States in which the governor tin can technically veto the bill, but that veto can be overridden by a simple majority of the state legislature, are marked as "simple maj. override".

Partisan command of land governments[18] [26]
Land Control Governor State Senate Land House
Alabama Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Connecticut Divide*‡ No veto Democratic Democratic
Delaware Democratic Democratic Autonomous Democratic
Florida Republican No veto Republican Republican
Georgia Republican Republican Republican Republican
Illinois‡ Democratic Democratic Democratic Autonomous
Indiana Republican‡ Elementary maj. override Republican Republican
Iowa Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Kansas Republican Autonomous↑ Republican Republican
Kentucky Republican Unproblematic maj. override Republican Republican
Louisiana Split up Democratic Republican Republican
Maine Separate*† Democratic Democratic Democratic
Maryland Autonomous Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Massachusetts Democratic Republican↑ Democratic Democratic
Minnesota Split Autonomous Republican Democratic
Mississippi Republican‡ No veto Republican Republican
Nebraska Nonpartisan Republican Nonpartisan
Nevada Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
New Hampshire Republican Republican Republican Republican
New Mexico Autonomous Democratic Autonomous Democratic
New York Democratic*† Democratic Democratic Democratic
North Carolina Republican No veto Republican Republican
N Dakota Republican Republican Republican Republican
Oklahoma Republican‡ Republican Republican Republican
Oregon Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic
Rhode Isle Autonomous† Democratic Autonomous Democratic
South Carolina Republican Republican Republican Republican
South Dakota Republican Republican Republican Republican
Tennessee Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Texas Republican‡ Republican Republican Republican
Utah Republican† Republican Republican Republican
Vermont Separate† Republican Autonomous Autonomous
W Virginia Republican Simple maj. override Republican Republican
Wisconsin Divide Democratic Republican Republican
Wyoming Republican Republican Republican Republican
Country Control Governor Country Senate Country Business firm

An * indicates that a 2/3 super-majority vote is required in the legislature
A ↑ indicates that one party can override a gubernatorial veto because of a super-majority in the legislature
A † indicates that the state employs an advisory committee
A ‡ indicates that the land employs a backup committee

State legislative redistricting plans passed by commission [edit]

States with redistricting commissions[26]
State Type Partisan control
Alaska Independent N/A
Arizona Independent N/A
Arkansas Politician Republican
California Independent North/A
Colorado Independent N/A
Hawaii Politician Bipartisan
Idaho Contained N/A
Michigan Independent N/A
Missouri Politician Bipartisan
Montana Contained Northward/A
New Jersey Politician Bipartisan
Ohio Politico Republican
Pennsylvania Political leader Bipartisan
Virginia Hybrid Bipartisan
Washington Independent Northward/A

Eight states use independent commissions to draw country legislative districts. In Alaska, the governor appoints two individuals and the Speaker of the Business firm, senate president, and Main Justice of the Alaska Supreme Courtroom each appoint one individual to the Redistricting Board. In Arizona, Montana, and Washington, the iv legislative political party leaders each appoint i member to the redistricting committee, and these four individuals choose a fifth fellow member to chair the committee. California'due south Citizen's Redistricting Commission consists of 5 Democrats, v Republicans, and four individuals who are non members of either political party. Idaho's Committee for Reapportionment consists of half-dozen individuals appointed past the chairmen of the two largest parties (based on the most contempo gubernatorial vote) and the four country legislative party leaders.[27]

Six states use political leader commissions to draw land legislative districts. Arkansas's Lath of Apportionment consists of the governor, secretary of state, and attorney general. The Ohio Redistricting Commission consists of the governor, auditor, secretarial assistant of country, and four individuals appointed by the land legislative party leaders. Hawaii's Reapportionment Commission consists of viii appointees of the state legislative party leaders, and these appointees select a 9th fellow member to chair the commission. The New Jersey Circulation Commission consists of twelve individuals appointed by the state legislative party leaders and the two major party chairmen, with these twelve individuals choosing a thirteenth fellow member to chair the board. Pennsylvania'due south redistricting commission consists of four appointees chosen by the state legislative party leaders, and these 4 appointees choose a fifth member to chair the committee. In Missouri, a commission is created for each legislative chamber equally a upshot of the governor picking from lists submitted by the leaders of the ii major parties.[27]

One country, Virginia, uses a hybrid, bipartisan commission consisting of viii legislators and eight non-legislator citizens. The commission is evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans.[22]

Last disposition [edit]

This table shows the concluding status of redistricting in each state.

State U.S. Firm seats U.S. House disposition Land legislative disposition
California 52 Passed into law on Dec 27, 2022[28] Passed into law on December 27, 2022[28]
Texas 38 Passed into constabulary on Oct 25, 2022*[29] Passed into law on Oct 25, 2022*[30]
Florida 28
New York 26 Passed into law on February iii, 2022[31] Passed into law on Feb 3, 2022[31]
Pennsylvania 17
Illinois 17 Passed into law on Nov 23, 2022[32] Passed into police on September 24, 2022[33]
Ohio 15 Passed into police force*;[34] Overturned by land Supreme Court[35] Passed into law;[36] Overturned by state Supreme Courtroom[37]
Georgia 14 Passed into police on December xxx, 2022*[38] Passed into police force on December xxx, 2022*[38]
North Carolina xiv Passed into law on November four, 2022*;[29] Overturned past state Supreme Court on February iv, 2022[39] Passed into police on November 4, 2022*;[twoscore] Overturned by land Supreme Court on February 4, 2022[39]
Michigan thirteen Passed into law on December 28, 2022[41] Passed into law on December 28, 2022[42]
New Jersey 12 Passed into constabulary on December 22, 2022*[43]
Virginia xi Passed into police force on December 28, 2022[44] Passed into constabulary on December 28, 2022[44]
Washington 10 Passed into police force on Feb 8, 2022[45]
Arizona nine Passed into law on Dec 22, 2022[46] Passed into police on December 22, 2022[46]
Massachusetts 9 Passed into police on November 22, 2022[47] Passed into law on November 4, 2022[48]
Tennessee 9 Passed into police force on February 6, 2022[49] Passed into law on February 6, 2022[49]
Indiana 9 Passed into law on October iv, 2022[50] Passed into law on October 4, 2022[l]
Maryland 8 Passed into police on December ix, 2022*[51]
Missouri 8
Wisconsin 8
Colorado 8 Passed into police on November 1, 2022[52] Passed into constabulary on November 15, 2022[53]
Minnesota eight
Due south Carolina vii Passed into constabulary on January 26, 2022[54] Passed into police on Dec x, 2022[55]
Alabama 7 Passed into law on November four, 2022*[29] Passed into constabulary on November 4, 2022[56]
Louisiana 6
Kentucky 6 Passed into law on Jan 20, 2022[57]
Oregon 6 Passed into law on September 27, 2022[58] Passed into police force on September 27, 2022[58]
Oklahoma 5 Passed into law on November 22, 2022[59] Passed into constabulary on Nov 22, 2022[59]
Connecticut 5
Utah 4 Passed into law on November 12, 2022[60]
Iowa 4 Passed into law on November iv, 2022[29]
Nevada 4 Passed into law on November 16, 2022*[61]
Arkansas 4 Passed into law on January xiv, 2022[29]
Mississippi 4 Passed into law on January 25, 2022[62]
Kansas 4
New Mexico 3 Passed into law on December 17, 2022[63]
Nebraska 3 Passed into law on September xxx, 2022[64]
Idaho 2 Passed into law on November 5, 2022[65] Passed into law on November 5, 2022[65]
West Virginia 2 Passed into police force on Oct 22, 2022[29] Passed into law on October 22, 2022[66]
Hawaii ii Passed into law on January 28, 2022[67] Passed into law on Jan 28, 2022[68]
New Hampshire 2
Maine 2 Passed into law on September 29, 2022[69] Passed into police on September 29, 2022[69]
Rhode Island 2
Montana two Passed into law on November 12, 2022[70]
Delaware 1 Northward/A
S Dakota one N/A Passed into police force on November 10, 2022[71]
North Dakota ane Due north/A
Alaska one N/A Passed into law on November 10, 2022*[72]
Vermont i North/A
Wyoming i N/A

An * indicates that litigation is currently pending against the finalized maps

Litigation [edit]

Lawsuits accept been filed against a number of passed congressional and legislative maps on the grounds of either racial gerrymandering or partisan gerrymandering. These states include Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, and Texas. As more states continue to adopt maps through the redistricting process, the number of lawsuits filed will potentially increase.[73]

Racial gerrymandering [edit]

Lawsuits take been filed in multiple states confronting congressional and state legislative maps due to claims that the new maps disenfranchize minority voters.

In Alabama, iv lawsuits were filed against the congressional and state legislative maps, alleging racial bias and violation of the Voting Rights Human activity of 1965 (VRA) by diluting the power of minority voters in the land.[74] On January 24, 2022, a three-judge panel blocked Alabama'southward congressional maps over claims it likely violates the VRA. The console argued that considering African Americans counted for a considerable percentage of the total population growth, there should be more opportunities for represenation.[75] [76] On February vii, 2022 the Supreme Court temporarily reinstated Alabama's congressional map and added Alabama's appeal to their 2022 case list, with the hearing date still to be deciced.[77]

The NAACP sued multiple country officials in Arkansas over the new state House districts, arguing that they unconstituionally underrepresent Black voters.[78]

In Georgia, staff attorneys at the Southern Poverty Law Middle claimed that, "the maps produced out of the special legislative session block Georgia'due south communities of colour from obtaining political representation that reflects their population growth".[79] The American Ceremonious Liberties Spousal relationship of Georgia filed conform in December 2022, alleging that both state legislative maps and congressional maps violated the VRA.[fourscore] Specifically, the sixth, 13th, and 14th congressional districts were challenged.

Both congressional and state legislature maps drawn past the Michigan Contained Citizens Redistricting Commission were challenged in court for violating the VRA past reducing the number of Blackness-bulk districts in Detroit.[81] While supporters claim that this allows Black voters to elect more Black-aligned candidates across a larger number of districts, opponents argue that this dilutes the power of Blackness voters.[82] The lawsuit confronting both the state legislative districts and the congressional districts was dismissed on February 3, 2022 due to insufficient testify that the redistricting commission needed to create the same number of Black-majority districts.[83]

Partisan gerrymandering [edit]

In Maryland, 2 Republican aligned groups sued to overturn the new congressional maps, arguing that they were partisan gerrymanders that "cracked" Republican voters beyond several districts, diluting their voting ability.[84] The Supreme Court of Ohio overturned initially passed state legislative maps, arguing that they unfairly favored Republicans against the guidance of Ohio'due south 2022 redistricting amendment that seeks to limit partisan gerrymandering.[37]

The Republican Political party of New Mexico sued to overturn the new congressional maps, arguing that they disproportionately favor Democrats and dilute Republican voting strength, thereby violating the equal protection clause of the New Mexico country constitution. New Mexico Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham characterized the congressional map as 1 "in which no 1 political party or candidate may claim any undue advantage."[85]

Redistricting organizations and funds [edit]

Democrats were especially unhappy with the results of the 2022 House elections in which Democratic House candidates received more votes than Republican Business firm candidates, merely Republicans retained control of the chamber.[86] Organizations such as the Autonomous Governors Association and the Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee accept established funds dedicated to helping Democrats in the 2022 circular of redistricting.[86] [87] Democrats as well established the National Democratic Redistricting Committee to coordinate Democratic redistricting efforts.[88] Republicans established a similar group, the National Republican Redistricting Trust.[89]

Changes to the redistricting procedure since 2022 [edit]

Federal court rulings [edit]

In the 2022 case, Shelby County five. Holder, the Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act, which was a coverage formula that determined which states and counties required preclearance from the Justice Section before making changes to voting laws and procedures.[90] The formula had covered states with a history of minority voter disenfranchisement, and the preclearance process was designed to block discriminatory voting practices.[xc] In the 2022 instance of Rucho 5. Common Cause, the Supreme Court held that claims of partisan gerrymandering present nonjusticiable political questions that cannot exist reviewed by federal courts.[91]

In some other 2022 case, Department of Commerce v. New York, the Supreme Court blocked the Trump administration from calculation a question to the 2022 census regarding the citizenship of respondents.[92]

Country courtroom rulings [edit]

In 2022, the Supreme Court of Florida ordered the state to draw a new congressional map on the basis of a 2022 state ramble subpoena that banned partisan gerrymandering.[93]

In 2022, the Pennsylvania Supreme Courtroom threw out the 2022 U.Due south. House of Representatives map on the grounds that it violated the state constitution; the court established new redistricting standards requiring districts to be compact and to minimize the splitting of counties and towns.[94]

In 2022, a North Carolina land court struck downwards the land's legislative districts on the grounds that the commune had been created with the partisan intent of favoring Republican candidates.[95]

In 2022, the Ohio Supreme Courtroom struck downward the state's congressional and legislative districts.

Election measures [edit]

In 2022, Ohio voters approved a election measure irresolute the composition of the commission charged with cartoon land legislative districts, adding 2 legislative appointees to the commission and creating rules and guidelines designed to brand partisan gerrymandering more difficult.[96] In May 2022, Ohio voters approved a proposal that modified the state'south congressional redistricting processes.[12]

In 2022, voters in Colorado and Michigan canonical of a proposal to constitute an independent redistricting commission for congressional and country legislative districts in their respective states.[97] In Utah, voters approved the creation of a redistricting commission to draw congressional and state legislative districts, though the Utah country legislature retains the power to turn down these maps.[98]

In 2022, voters in Virginia canonical the establishment of a bipartisan redistricting committee for both congressional and land legislative redistricting. The commission consists of eight legislators and 8 not-legislator citizens, with the commission split evenly between Democrats and Republicans.[22]

In 2022, Missouri voters canonical of a proposal to accept a non-partisan land demographer draw state legislative districts, but in 2022 Missouri voters approved a second referendum eliminating the state demographer position and restoring the system in place prior to the 2022 referendum.[99]

Run across as well [edit]

  • 2017, 2022, 2022, 2022, and 2022 U.s. elections
  • Gerrymandering in the Us
  • Redistricting in the United States
  • Electoral geography

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Several states, including Iowa,[7] New York,[8] and Utah,[9] utilise commissions that play a role in the redistricting process. Withal, different in the states labeled as "independent commission" or "political leader commission", in these states the legislature has the terminal power to approve redistricting maps.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Miller, pp. 10-11
  2. ^ Miller, William J.; Walling, Jeremy (June 7, 2022). The Political Boxing over Congressional Redistricting. Lexington Books. pp. i–iv. ISBN9780739169841. Archived from the original on September sixteen, 2022. Retrieved November ten, 2022.
  3. ^ Wilson, Reid (February 4, 2022). "Nevada Republicans could take up mid-decade redistricting". Washington Post. Archived from the original on Nov 13, 2022. Retrieved Nov 12, 2022.
  4. ^ 2020 Demography Circulation News Conference. United States Census Agency. April 26, 2022.
  5. ^ Wasserman, David (April 26, 2022). "2020 Census: What the Reapportionment Numbers Hateful". The Cook Political Study.
  6. ^ Skelley, Geoffrey; Rakich, Nathaniel (April 26, 2022). "Which States Won — And Lost — Seats In The 2022 Census?". FiveThirtyEight.
  7. ^ "Iowa". All Virtually Redistricting. Justin Levitt.
  8. ^ "New York". All Most Redistricting. Justin Levitt.
  9. ^ "Utah". All Most Redistricting. Justin Levitt.
  10. ^ a b "Election Dates for Legislators and Governors Who Will Practice Redistricting". National Briefing of Country Legislatures. May 25, 2022. Archived from the original on October four, 2022. Retrieved November one, 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d e Levitt, Justin. "Who draws the lines?". Loyola Law School. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Wilson, Reid (May 8, 2022). "Ohio voters laissez passer redistricting reform initiative". The Colina. Archived from the original on November eight, 2022. Retrieved Nov 7, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Haughey, John (November fourteen, 2022). "State-Past-State Guide To Gubernatorial Veto Types". CQ Roll Call. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved November xix, 2022.
  14. ^ a b Levitt, Justin; McDonald, Michael. "Taking the "Re" out of Redistricting: State Constitutional Provisions on Redistricting Timing" (PDF). The Georgetown Law Journal. 95 (4): 1247–1254. Archived from the original (PDF) on August four, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
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External links [edit]

  • "50 Land Guide to Redistricting". Brennan Center for Justice. Archived from the original on Baronial 26, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2022.
  • "The Atlas of Redistricting". FiveThirtyEight. January 25, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2022.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_redistricting_cycle

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